Antenna-to-beamformer assignment and mapping in phased array antenna systems

ABSTRACT

In one embodiment of the present disclosure, a phased array antenna system includes a first portion carrying an antenna lattice including a plurality of antenna elements, wherein the plurality of antenna elements are arranged in a first configuration, a second portion carrying a beamformer lattice including a plurality of beamformer elements, wherein the plurality of beamformer elements are arranged in a second configuration different from the first configuration, and a third portion disposed between the first portion and the second portion carrying at least a portion of a mapping including a first plurality of mapping traces on a first surface providing at least a portion of the electrical connection between the plurality of antenna elements and the plurality of beamformer elements, wherein each of the plurality of antenna elements are electrically coupled to one of the plurality of beamformer elements.

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Nos. 62/631,195 and 62/631,207, both filed Feb. 15, 2018, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

BACKGROUND

An antenna (such as a dipole antenna) typically generates radiation in a pattern that has a preferred direction. For example, the generated radiation pattern is stronger in some directions and weaker in other directions. Likewise, when receiving electromagnetic signals, the antenna has the same preferred direction. Signal quality (e.g., signal to noise ratio or SNR), whether in transmitting or receiving scenarios, can be improved by aligning the preferred direction of the antenna with a direction of the target or source of the signal. However, it is often impractical to physically reorient the antenna with respect to the target or source of the signal. Additionally, the exact location of the source/target may not be known. To overcome some of the above shortcomings of the antenna, a phased array antenna can be formed from a set of antenna elements to simulate a large directional antenna. An advantage of a phased array antenna is its ability to transmit and/or receive signals in a preferred direction (e.g., the antenna's beamforming ability) without physical repositioning or reorientating.

It would be advantageous to configure phased array antennas having increased bandwidth while maintaining a high ratio of the main lobe power to the side lobe power. Likewise, it would be advantageous to configure phased array antennas having reduced weight, reduced size, lower manufacturing cost, and/or lower power requirements. Accordingly, embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to these and other improvements in phase array antennas or portions thereof.

SUMMARY

This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This summary is not intended to identify key features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter.

In accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure, a phased array antenna system is provided. The system includes: a first portion carrying an antenna lattice including a plurality of antenna elements, wherein the plurality of antenna elements are arranged in a first configuration; a second portion carrying a beamformer lattice including a plurality of beamformer elements, wherein the plurality of beamformer elements are arranged in a second configuration different from the first configuration; and a third portion disposed between the first portion and the second portion carrying at least a portion of a mapping including a first plurality of mapping traces on a first surface providing at least a portion of the electrical connection between the plurality of antenna elements and the plurality of beamformer elements, wherein each of the plurality of antenna elements are electrically coupled to one of the plurality of beamformer elements.

In accordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure, a phased array antenna system is provided. The system includes: a carrier having a first side and a second side opposite the first side; an antenna lattice on the first side of the carrier, the antenna lattice including a plurality of antenna elements, wherein the plurality of antenna elements are arranged in a first configuration; a beamformer lattice on the second side of the antenna lattice including a plurality of beamformer elements, wherein the plurality of beamformer elements are arranged in a second configuration different from the first configuration, wherein each of the plurality of antenna elements are configured to be electrically coupled to one of the plurality of beamformer elements; and a mapping disposed between the first side and the second side of the carrier providing at least a portion of the electrical connection between the plurality of antenna elements and the plurality of beamformer elements.

In accordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure, a mapping in a phased array antenna system is provided. The mapping in the phased array antenna system is between an antenna lattice on a first side of a carrier including a plurality of antenna elements, wherein the plurality of antenna elements are arranged in a first configuration, and a beamformer lattice on a second opposite side of the carrier including a plurality of beamformer elements, wherein the plurality of beamformer elements are arranged in a second configuration different from the first configuration, wherein each of the plurality of antenna elements are configured to be electrically coupled to one of the plurality of beamformer elements. The mapping includes: a plurality of mapping traces providing at least a portion of the electrical connection between the plurality of antenna elements and the plurality of beamformer elements.

In accordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure, a method of configuring an assignment between an antenna lattice and a beamformer lattice in a phased array antenna system is provided. The method includes: configuring an antenna lattice on a first portion of a carrier, the antenna lattice including a plurality of antenna elements, wherein the plurality of antenna elements are arranged in a first configuration; configuring a beamformer lattice on a second portion of the carrier, the beamformer lattice including a plurality of beamformer elements, wherein the plurality of beamformer elements are arranged in a second configuration different from the first configuration; and assigning the antenna elements to be coupled to beamformer elements to create a number of assignment lines between each of the antenna elements and each of the beamformer elements.

In any of the embodiments described herein, the first configuration may be a space tapered configuration.

In any of the embodiments described herein, the second configuration may be a hierarchical configuration, a clustered configuration, and/or an evenly spaced configuration.

In any of the embodiments described herein, the second configuration may be a space tapered configuration different from the first configuration.

In any of the embodiments described herein, the first, second, and third portions may define at least a portion of a carrier.

In any of the embodiments described herein, the carrier may have a first side facing in a first direction and a second side facing in a second direction away from the first direction.

In any of the embodiments described herein, the antenna lattice may be on the first side of the carrier.

In any of the embodiments described herein, the beamformer lattice may be on the second side of the carrier.

In any of the embodiments described herein, the first, second, and third portions may be first, second, and third layers.

In any of the embodiments described herein, the first, second, and third layers may be discrete PCB layers in a PCB stack.

In any of the embodiments described herein, at least one of the first, second, and third layers may include a plurality of sub-layers forming the layer.

In any of the embodiments described herein, at least some of the plurality of antenna elements may be laterally spaced from the corresponding one of the plurality of beamformer elements.

In any of the embodiments described herein, the system, mapping, or method may further include a first plurality of vias through the first, second, and/or third portions, each via of the first plurality of vias connecting one of the plurality of antenna elements or one of the plurality of beamformer elements to one of the first plurality of mapping traces.

In any of the embodiments described herein, the first plurality of mapping traces may be equidistant in length for RF signal propagation.

In any of the embodiments described herein, the first plurality of mapping traces may not cross each other on the first surface.

In any of the embodiments described herein, lengths of the first plurality of mapping traces may be sized to be equidistant for RF signal propagation with a longest single mapping trace length.

In any of the embodiments described herein, each of the plurality of antenna elements may be assigned to one of the plurality of beamformer elements to correspond with a minimized total summation of mapping length.

In any of the embodiments described herein, each of the plurality of antenna elements may be assigned to one of the plurality of beamformer elements to correspond with a minimized longest single mapping length.

In any of the embodiments described herein, each of the plurality of antenna elements may be assigned to one of the plurality of beamformer elements to correspond with a cluster grouping.

In any of the embodiments described herein, the antenna elements and the beamformer elements may be in a 1:1 ratio.

In any of the embodiments described herein, the antenna elements and the beamformer elements may be in a greater than 1:1 ratio.

In any of the embodiments described herein, the third layer may include a plurality of sub-layers disposed between the first layer and the second layer, wherein at least two sub-layers carrying at least a portion of the mapping includes the first plurality of mapping traces on the first surface in a first sub-layer and a second plurality of mapping traces on a second surface in the second sub-layer, the first and second plurality of mapping traces providing at least a portion of the electrical connection between the plurality of antenna elements and the plurality of beamformer elements.

In any of the embodiments described herein, the system, mapping, or method may further include a second plurality of vias through at least one of the first, second, and third layers, each via of the second plurality of vias connecting one of the first plurality of mapping traces to one of the second plurality of mapping traces.

In any of the embodiments described herein, the system, mapping, or method may further include a second plurality of vias through the first, second, and third layers, each via of the second plurality of vias connecting one of the plurality of antenna elements or one of the plurality of beamformer elements to one of the second plurality of mapping traces.

In any of the embodiments described herein, the first and second pluralities of mapping traces in the same plane may not cross each other.

In any of the embodiments described herein, the first plurality of mapping traces in the first layer and the second plurality of mapping traces in the second layer may cross a line extending normal to the first and second layers.

In any of the embodiments described herein, the second plurality of mapping traces may be equidistant in length for RF signal propagation.

In any of the embodiments described herein, the antenna lattice may include a first plurality of antenna elements configured for operating at a first value of a parameter and second plurality of antenna elements configured for operating at a second value of a parameter.

In any of the embodiments described herein, wherein the antenna lattice may include a first plurality of antenna elements configured for operating at a first value of a parameter and second plurality of antenna elements configured for operating at a second value of a parameter, wherein the third layer includes at least first and second sub-layers disposed between the first layer and the second layer, wherein a first plurality of mapping traces in at least a first sublayer is electrically coupled to the first plurality of antenna elements, and wherein the second plurality of mapping traces in at least a second sublayer is electrically coupled to the second plurality of antenna elements.

In any of the embodiments described herein, the system, mapping, or method may further include a first plurality of vias through the first, second, and/or third layers, each via of the first plurality of vias connecting one of the plurality of antenna elements or one of the plurality of beamformer elements to one of the first plurality of mapping traces.

In any of the embodiments described herein, first and third plurality of mapping traces in at least first and third sublayers may be electrically coupled to the first plurality of antenna elements, and wherein the second plurality of mapping traces in at least second and fourth sublayers are electrically coupled to the second plurality of antenna elements.

In any of the embodiments described herein, the system, mapping, or method may further include a second plurality of vias through the third layer, each via of the second plurality of vias electrically coupling at least some of the first plurality of mapping traces with at least some of the third plurality of mapping traces or at least some of the second plurality of mapping traces with at least some of the fourth plurality of mapping traces.

In any of the embodiments described herein, the system, mapping, or method may further include a plurality of vias extending through at least a portion of the carrier providing at least a portion of the electrical connection between the plurality of antenna elements and the plurality of beamformer elements.

In any of the embodiments described herein, the system, mapping, or method may further include a plurality of vias extending through at least a portion of the carrier providing at least a portion of the electrical connection between the plurality of antenna elements and the plurality of beamformer elements.

In any of the embodiments described herein, assigning the antenna elements to be coupled to beamformer elements may be determined using a Hungarian Algorithm without crossings of assignment lines.

In any of the embodiments described herein, assigning the antenna elements to be coupled to beamformer elements may be determined using a Threshold Algorithm allowing for crossings of assignment lines.

In any of the embodiments described herein, assigning the antenna elements to be coupled to beamformer elements may be determined using a Clustering Algorithm.

In any of the embodiments described herein, assigning the antenna elements to be coupled to beamformer elements may be determined using a combination of a Threshold Algorithm and a Hungarian Algorithm.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing aspects and many of the attendant advantages of this disclosure will become more readily appreciated as the same become better understood by reference to the following detailed description, when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1A illustrates a schematic of an electrical configuration for a phased array antenna system in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure including an antenna lattice defining an antenna aperture, mapping, a beamformer lattice, a multiplex feed network, a distributor or combiner, and a modulator or demodulator.

FIG. 1B illustrates a signal radiation pattern achieved by a phased array antenna aperture in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 1C illustrates schematic layouts of individual antenna elements of phased array antennas to define various antenna apertures in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure (e.g., rectangular, circular, space tapered).

FIG. 1D illustrates individual antenna elements in a space tapered configuration to define an antenna aperture in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 1E is a cross-sectional view of a panel defining the antenna aperture in FIG. 1D.

FIG. 1F is a graph of a main lobe and undesirable side lobes of an antenna signal.

FIG. 1G illustrates an isometric view of a plurality of stack-up layers which make up a phased array antenna system in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 2A illustrates a schematic of an electrical configuration for multiple antenna elements in an antenna lattice coupled to a single beamformer in a beamformer lattice in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 2B illustrates a schematic cross section of a plurality of stack-up layers which make up a phased array antenna system in an exemplary receiving system in accordance with the electrical configuration of FIG. 2A.

FIG. 3A illustrates a schematic of an electrical configuration for multiple interspersed antenna elements in an antenna lattice coupled to a single beamformer in a beamformer lattice in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 3B illustrates a schematic cross section of a plurality of stack-up layers which make up a phased array antenna system in an exemplary transmitting and interspersed system in accordance with the electrical configuration of FIG. 3A.

FIG. 4A is a flow chart illustrated a method of determining antenna to beamformer assignment in a phased array antenna system using a Hungarian Algorithm in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 4B, 4C, and 4D are exemplary assignment configurations according to the method of FIG. 4A.

FIG. 5A is a flow chart illustrated a method of determining antenna to beamformer assignment in a phased array antenna system using a Threshold Algorithm in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 5B assignment configuration according to the method of FIG. 5A.

FIG. 6A is a flow chart illustrated a method of determining antenna to beamformer assignment in a phased array antenna system using a Modified Threshold Algorithm in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 6B and 6C are exemplary assignment configurations according to the method of FIG. 6A.

FIG. 7 is an exemplary assignment configuration using a Clustering Algorithm in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 8A is a partial exemplary mapping configuration for a phased array antenna system in accordance with embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 8B and 8C are close-up views of features of the partial exemplary mapping configuration of FIG. 8A.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to apparatuses and methods relating to antenna-to-beamformer assignment and mapping in phased array antenna systems. In one embodiment of the present disclosure, a phased array antenna system includes a first portion carrying an antenna lattice including a plurality of antenna elements, wherein the plurality of antenna elements are arranged in a first configuration. The system further includes a second portion carrying a beamformer lattice including a plurality of beamformer elements, wherein the plurality of beamformer elements are arranged in a second configuration different from the first configuration. The system further includes a third portion disposed between the first portion and the second portion carrying at least a portion of a mapping including a first plurality of mapping traces on a first surface providing at least a portion of the electrical connection between the plurality of antenna elements and the plurality of beamformer elements, wherein each of the plurality of antenna elements are electrically coupled to one of the plurality of beamformer elements. These and other aspects of the present disclosure will be more fully described below.

While the concepts of the present disclosure are susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof have been shown by way of example in the drawings and will be described herein in detail. It should be understood, however, that there is no intent to limit the concepts of the present disclosure to the particular forms disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives consistent with the present disclosure and the appended claims.

References in the specification to “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” “an illustrative embodiment,” etc., indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but every embodiment may or may not necessarily include that particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described. Additionally, it should be appreciated that items included in a list in the form of “at least one A, B, and C” can mean (A); (B); (C); (A and B); (B and C); (A and C); or (A, B, and C). Similarly, items listed in the form of “at least one of A, B, or C” can mean (A); (B); (C); (A and B); (B and C); (A and C); or (A, B, and C).

Language such as “top surface”, “bottom surface”, “vertical”, “horizontal”, and “lateral” in the present disclosure is meant to provide orientation for the reader with reference to the drawings and is not intended to be the required orientation of the components or to impart orientation limitations into the claims.

In the drawings, some structural or method features may be shown in specific arrangements and/or orderings. However, it should be appreciated that such specific arrangements and/or orderings may not be required. Rather, in some embodiments, such features may be arranged in a different manner and/or order than shown in the illustrative figures. Additionally, the inclusion of a structural or method feature in a particular figure is not meant to imply that such feature is required in all embodiments and, in some embodiments, it may not be included or may be combined with other features.

Many embodiments of the technology described herein may take the form of computer- or controller-executable instructions, including routines executed by a programmable computer or controller. Those skilled in the relevant art will appreciate that the technology can be practiced on computer/controller systems other than those shown and described above. The technology can be embodied in a special-purpose computer, controller or data processor that is specifically programmed, configured or constructed to perform one or more of the computer-executable instructions described above. Accordingly, the terms “computer” and “controller” as generally used herein refer to any data processor and can include Internet appliances and hand-held devices (including palm-top computers, wearable computers, cellular or mobile phones, multi-processor systems, processor-based or programmable consumer electronics, network computers, mini computers and the like). Information handled by these computers can be presented at any suitable display medium, including a CRT display or LCD.

FIG. 1A is a schematic illustration of a phased array antenna system 100 in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. The phased array antenna system 100 is designed and configured to transmit or receive a combined beam B composed of signals S (also referred to as electromagnetic signals, wavefronts, or the like) in a preferred direction D from or to an antenna aperture 110. (Also see the combined beam B and antenna aperture 110 in FIG. 1B). The direction D of the beam B may be normal to the antenna aperture 110 or at an angle θ from normal.

Referring to FIG. 1A, the illustrated phased array antenna system 100 includes an antenna lattice 120, a mapping system 130, a beamformer lattice 140, a multiplex feed network 150 (or a hierarchical network or an H-network), a combiner or distributor 160 (a combiner for receiving signals or a distributor for transmitting signals), and a modulator or demodulator 170. The antenna lattice 120 is configured to transmit or receive a combined beam B of radio frequency signals S having a radiation pattern from or to the antenna aperture 110.

In accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure, the phased array antenna system 100 may be a multi-beam phased array antenna system, in which each beam of the multiple beams may be configured to be at different angles, different frequency, and/or different polarization.

In the illustrated embodiment, the antenna lattice 120 includes a plurality of antenna elements 122 i. A corresponding plurality of amplifiers 124 i are coupled to the plurality of antenna elements 122 i. The amplifiers 124 i may be low noise amplifiers (LNAs) in the receiving direction RX or power amplifiers (PAs) in the transmitting direction TX. The plurality of amplifiers 124 i may be combined with the plurality of antenna elements 122 i in for example, an antenna module or antenna package. In some embodiments, the plurality of amplifiers 124 i may be located in another lattice separate from the antenna lattice 120.

Multiple antenna elements 122 i in the antenna lattice 120 are configured for transmitting signals (see the direction of arrow TX in FIG. 1A for transmitting signals) or for receiving signals (see the direction of arrow RX in FIG. 1A for receiving signals). Referring to FIG. 1B, the antenna aperture 110 of the phased array antenna system 100 is the area through which the power is radiated or received. In accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure, an exemplary phased array antenna radiation pattern from a phased array antenna system 100 in the u/v plane is provided in FIG. 1B. The antenna aperture has desired pointing angle D and an optimized beam B, for example, reduced side lobes Ls to optimize the power budget available to the main lobe Lm or to meet regulatory criteria for interference, as per regulations issued from organizations such as the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) or the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). (See FIG. 1F for a description of side lobes Ls and the main lobe Lm.)

Referring to FIG. 1C, in some embodiments (see embodiments 120A, 120B, 120C, 120D), the antenna lattice 120 defining the antenna aperture 110 may include the plurality of antenna elements 122 i arranged in a particular configuration on a printed circuit board (PCB), ceramic, plastic, glass, or other suitable substrate, base, carrier, panel, or the like (described herein as a carrier 112). The plurality of antenna elements 122 i, for example, may be arranged in concentric circles, in a circular arrangement, in columns and rows in a rectilinear arrangement, in a radial arrangement, in equal or uniform spacing between each other, in non-uniform spacing between each other, or in any other arrangement. Various example arrangements of the plurality of antenna elements 122 i in antenna lattices 120 defining antenna apertures (110A, 110B, 110C, and 110D) are shown, without limitation, on respective carriers 112A, 112B, 112C, and 112D in FIG. 1C.

The beamformer lattice 140 includes a plurality of beamformers 142 i including a plurality of phase shifters 145 i. In the receiving direction RX, the beamformer function is to delay the signals arriving from each antenna element so the signals all arrive to the combining network at the same time. In the transmitting direction TX, the beamformer function is to delay the signal sent to each antenna element such that all signals arrive at the target location at the same time. This delay can be accomplished by using “true time delay” or a phase shift at a specific frequency.

Following the transmitting direction of arrow TX in the schematic illustration of FIG. 1A, in a transmitting phased array antenna system 100, the outgoing radio frequency (RF) signals are routed from the modulator 170 via the distributer 160 to a plurality of individual phase shifters 145 i in the beamformer lattice 140. The RF signals are phase-offset by the phase shifters 145 i by different phases, which vary by a predetermined amount from one phase shifter to another. Each frequency needs to be phased by a specific amount in order to maintain the beam performance. If the phase shift applied to different frequencies follows a linear behavior, the phase shift is referred to as “true time delay”. Common phase shifters, however, apply a constant phase offset for all frequencies.

For example, the phases of the common RF signal can be shifted by 0° at the bottom phase shifter 145 i in FIG. 1A, by Δα at the next phase shifter 145 i in the column, by 2Δα at the next phase shifter, and so on. As a result, the RF signals that arrive at amplifiers 124 i (when transmitting, the amplifiers are power amplifiers “PAs”) are respectively phase-offset from each other. The PAs 124 i amplify these phase-offset RF signals, and antenna elements 122 i emit the RF signals S as electromagnetic waves.

Because of the phase offsets, the RF signals from individual antenna elements 122 i are combined into outgoing wave fronts that are inclined at angle ϕ from the antenna aperture 110 formed by the lattice of antenna elements 122 i. The angle ϕ is called an angle of arrival (AoA) or a beamforming angle. Therefore, the choice of the phase offset Δα determines the radiation pattern of the combined signals S defining the wave front. In FIG. 1B, an exemplary phased array antenna radiation pattern of signals S from an antenna aperture 110 in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure is provided.

Following the receiving direction of arrow RX in the schematic illustration of FIG. 1A, in a receiving phased array antenna system 100, the signals S defining the wave front are detected by individual antenna elements 122 i, and amplified by amplifiers 124 i (when receiving signals the amplifiers are low noise amplifiers “LNAs”). For any non-zero AoA, signals S comprising the same wave front reach the different antenna elements 122 i at different times. Therefore, the received signal will generally include phase offsets from one antenna element of the receiving (RX) antenna element to another. Analogously to the emitting phased array antenna case, these phase offsets can be adjusted by phase shifters 145 i in the beamformer lattice 140. For example, each phase shifter 145 i (e.g., a phase shifter chip) can be programmed to adjust the phase of the signal to the same reference, such that the phase offset among the individual antenna elements 122 i is canceled in order to combine the RF signals corresponding to the same wave front. As a result of this constructive combining of signals, a higher signal to noise ratio (SNR) can be attained on the received signal, which results in increased channel capacity.

Still referring to FIG. 1A, a mapping system 130 may be disposed between the antenna lattice 120 and the beamformer lattice 140 to provide length matching for equidistant electrical connections between each antenna element 122 i of the antenna lattice 120 and the phase shifters 145 i in the beamformer lattice 140, as will be described in greater detail below. A multiplex feed or hierarchical network 150 may be disposed between the beamformer lattice 140 and the distributor/combiner 160 to distribute a common RF signal to the phase shifters 145 i of the beamformer lattice 140 for respective appropriate phase shifting and to be provided to the antenna elements 122 i for transmission, and to combine RF signals received by the antenna elements 122 i, after appropriate phase adjustment by the beamformers 142 i.

In accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure, the antenna elements 122 i and other components of the phased array antenna system 100 may be contained in an antenna module to be carried by the carrier 112. (See, for example, antenna modules 226 a and 226 b in FIG. 2B). In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 2B, there is one antenna element 122 i per antenna module 226 a. However, in other embodiments of the present disclosure, antenna modules 226 a may incorporate more than one antenna element 122 i.

Referring to FIGS. 1D and 1E, an exemplary configuration for an antenna aperture 120 in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure is provided. In the illustrated embodiment of FIGS. 1D and 1E, the plurality of antenna elements 122 i in the antenna lattice 120 are distributed with a space taper configuration on the carrier 112. In accordance with a space taper configuration, the number of antenna elements 122 i changes in their distribution from a center point of the carrier 112 to a peripheral point of the carrier 112. For example, compare spacing between adjacent antenna elements 122 i, D1 to D2, and compare spacing between adjacent antenna elements 122 i, d1, d2, and d3. Although shown as being distributed with a space taper configuration, other configurations for the antenna lattice are also within the scope of the present disclosure.

The system 100 includes a first portion carrying the antenna lattice 120 and a second portion carrying a beamformer lattice 140 including a plurality of beamformer elements. As seen in the cross-sectional view of FIG. 1E, multiple layers of the carrier 112 carry electrical and electromagnetic connections between elements of the phased array antenna system 100. In the illustrated embodiment, the antenna elements 122 i are located the top surface of the top layer and the beamformer elements 142 i are located on the bottom surface of the bottom layer. While the antenna elements 122 i may be configured in a first arrangement, such as a space taper arrangement, the beamformer elements 142 i may be arranged in a second arrangement different from the antenna element arrangement. For example, the number of antenna elements 122 i may be greater than the number of beamformer elements 142 i, such that multiple antenna elements 122 i correspond to one beamformer element 142 i. As another example, the beamformer elements 142 i may be laterally displaced from the antenna elements 122 i on the carrier 112, as indicated by distance M in FIG. 1E. In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the beamformer elements 142 i may be arranged in an evenly spaced or organized arrangement, for example, corresponding to an H-network, or a cluster network, or an unevenly spaced network such as a space tapered network different from the antenna lattice 120. In some embodiments, one or more additional layers may be disposed between the top and bottom layers of the carrier 112. Each of the layers may comprise one or more PCB layers.

Referring to FIG. 1F, a graph of a main lobe Lm and side lobes Ls of an antenna signal in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure is provided. The horizontal (also the radial) axis shows radiated power in dB. The angular axis shows the angle of the RF field in degrees. The main lobe Lm represents the strongest RF field that is generated in a preferred direction by a phased array antenna system 100. In the illustrated case, a desired pointing angle D of the main lobe Lm corresponds to about 20°. Typically, the main lobe Lm is accompanied by a number of side lobes Ls. However, side lobes Ls are generally undesirable because they derive their power from the same power budget thereby reducing the available power for the main lobe Lm. Furthermore, in some instances the side lobes Ls may reduce the SNR of the antenna aperture 110. Also, side lobe reduction is important for regulation compliance.

One approach for reducing side lobes Ls is arranging elements 122 i in the antenna lattice 120 with the antenna elements 122 i being phase offset such that the phased array antenna system 100 emits a waveform in a preferred direction D with reduced side lobes. Another approach for reducing side lobes Ls is power tapering. However, power tapering is generally undesirable because by reducing the power of the side lobe Ls, the system has increased design complexity of requiring of “tunable and/or lower output” power amplifiers.

In addition, a tunable amplifier 124 i for output power has reduced efficiency compared to a non-tunable amplifier. Alternatively, designing different amplifiers having different gains increases the overall design complexity and cost of the system.

Yet another approach for reducing side lobes Ls in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure is a space tapered configuration for the antenna elements 122 i of the antenna lattice 120. (See the antenna element 122 i configuration in FIGS. 1C and 1D.) Space tapering may be used to reduce the need for distributing power among antenna elements 122 i to reduce undesirable side lobes Ls. However, in some embodiments of the present disclosure, space taper distributed antenna elements 122 i may further include power or phase distribution for improved performance.

In addition to undesirable side lobe reduction, space tapering may also be used in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure to reduce the number of antenna elements 122 i in a phased array antenna system 100 while still achieving an acceptable beam B from the phased array antenna system 100 depending on the application of the system 100. (For example, compare in FIG. 1C the number of space-tapered antenna elements 122 i on carrier 112D with the number of non-space tapered antenna elements 122 i carrier by carrier 112B.)

FIG. 1G depicts an exemplary configuration of the phased array antenna system 100 implemented as a plurality of PCB layers in lay-up 180 in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. The plurality of PCB layers in lay-up 180 may comprise a PCB layer stack including an antenna layer 180 a, a mapping layer 180 b, a multiplex feed network layer 180 c, and a beamformer layer 180 d. In the illustrated embodiment, mapping layer 180 b is disposed between the antenna layer 180 a and multiplex feed network layer 180 c, and the multiplex feed network layer 180 c is disposed between the mapping layer 180 b and the beamformer layer 180 d.

Although not shown, one or more additional layers may be disposed between layers 180 a and 180 b, between layers 180 b and 180 c, between layers 180 c and 180 d, above layer 180 a, and/or below layer 180 d. Each of the layers 180 a, 180 b, 180 c, and 180 d may comprise one or more PCB sub-layers. In other embodiments, the order of the layers 180 a, 180 b, 180 c, and 180 d relative to each other may differ from the arrangement shown in FIG. 1G. For instance, in other embodiments, beamformer layer 180 d may be disposed between the mapping layer 180 b and multiplex feed network layer 180 c.

Layers 180 a, 180 b, 180 c, and 180 d may include electrically conductive traces (such as metal traces that are mutually separated by electrically isolating polymer or ceramic), electrical components, mechanical components, optical components, wireless components, electrical coupling structures, electrical grounding structures, and/or other structures configured to facilitate functionalities associated with the phase array antenna system 100. Structures located on a particular layer, such as layer 180 a, may be electrically interconnected with vertical vias (e.g., vias extending along the z-direction of a Cartesian coordinate system) to establish electrical connection with particular structures located on another layer, such as layer 180 d.

Antenna layer 180 a may include, without limitation, the plurality of antenna elements 122 i arranged in a particular arrangement (e.g., a space taper arrangement) as an antenna lattice 120 on the carrier 112. Antenna layer 180 a may also include one or more other components, such as corresponding amplifiers 124 i. Alternatively, corresponding amplifiers 124 i may be configured on a separate layer. Mapping layer 180 b may include, without limitation, the mapping system 130 and associated carrier and electrical coupling structures. Multiplex feed network layer 180 c may include, without limitation, the multiplex feed network 150 and associated carrier and electrical coupling structures. Beamformer layer 180 d may include, without limitation, the plurality of phase shifters 145 i, other components of the beamformer lattice 140, and associated carrier and electrical coupling structures. Beamformer layer 180 d may also include, in some embodiments, modulator/demodulator 170 and/or coupler structures. In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 1G, the beamformers 142 i are shown in phantom lines because they extend from the underside of the beamformer layer 180 d.

Although not shown, one or more of layers 180 a, 180 b, 180 c, or 180 d may itself comprise more than one layer. For example, mapping layer 180 b may comprise two or more layers, which in combination may be configured to provide the routing functionality discussed above. As another example, multiplex feed network layer 180 c may comprise two or more layers, depending upon the total number of multiplex feed networks included in the multiplex feed network 150.

In accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure, the phased array antenna system 100 may be a multi-beam phased array antenna system. In a multi-beam phased array antenna configuration, each beamformer 142 i may be electrically coupled to more than one antenna element 122 i. The total number of beamformer 142 i may be smaller than the total number of antenna elements 122 i. For example, each beamformer 142 i may be electrically coupled to four antenna elements 122 i or to eight antenna elements 122 i. FIG. 2A illustrates an exemplary multi-beam phased array antenna system in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure in which eight antenna elements 222 i are electrically coupled to one beamformer 242 i. In other embodiments, each beamformer 142 i may be electrically coupled to more than eight antenna elements 122 i.

FIG. 2B depicts a partial, close-up, cross-sectional view of an exemplary configuration of the phased array antenna system 200 of FIG. 2A implemented as a plurality of PCB layers 280 in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. Like part numbers are used in FIG. 2B as used in FIG. 1G with similar numerals, but in the 200 series.

In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 2B, the phased array antenna system 200 is in a receiving configuration (as indicated by the arrows RX). Although illustrated as in a receiving configuration, the structure of the embodiment of FIG. 2B may be modified to be also be suitable for use in a transmitting configuration.

Signals are detected by the individual antenna elements 222 a and 222 b, shown in the illustrated embodiment as being carried by antenna modules 226 a and 226 b on the top surface of the antenna lattice layer 280 a. After being received by the antenna elements 222 a and 222 b, the signals are amplified by the corresponding low noise amplifiers (LNAs) 224 a and 224 b, which are also shown in the illustrated embodiment as being carried by antenna modules 226 a and 226 b on a top surface of the antenna lattice layer 280 a.

In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 2B, a plurality of antenna elements 222 a and 222 b in the antenna lattice 220 are coupled to a single beamformer 242 a in the beamformer lattice 240 (as described with reference to FIG. 2A). However, a phased array antenna system implemented as a plurality of PCB layers having a one-to-one ratio of antenna elements to beamformer elements or having a greater than one-to-one ratio are also within the scope of the present disclosure. In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 2B, the beamformers 242 i are coupled to the bottom surface of the beamformer layer 280 d.

In the illustrated embodiment, the antenna elements 222 i and the beamformer elements 242 i are configured to be on opposite surfaces of the lay-up of PCB layers 280. In other embodiments, beamformer elements may be co-located with antenna elements on the same surface of the lay-up. In other embodiments, beamformers may be located within an antenna module or antenna package.

As previously described, electrical connections coupling the antenna elements 222 a and 222 b of the antenna lattice 220 on the antenna layer 280 a to the beamformer elements 242 a of the beamformer lattice 240 on the beamformer layer 280 d are routed on surfaces of one or more mapping layers 280 b 1 and 280 b 2 using electrically conductive traces. Exemplary mapping trace configurations for a mapping layer are provided in layer 130 of FIG. 1G.

In the illustrated embodiment, the mapping is shown on top surfaces of two mapping layers 280 b 1 and 280 b 2. However, any number of mapping layers may be used in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure, including a single mapping layer. Mapping traces on a single mapping layer cannot cross other mapping traces. Therefore, the use of more than one mapping layer can be advantageous in reducing the lengths of the electrically conductive mapping traces by allowing mapping traces in horizontal planes to cross an imaginary line extending through the lay-up 280 normal to the mapping layers and in selecting the placement of the intermediate vias between the mapping traces.

In addition to mapping traces on the surfaces of layers 280 b 1 and 280 b 2, mapping from the antenna lattice 220 to the beamformer lattice 240 further includes one or more electrically conductive vias extending vertically through one or more of the plurality of PCB layers 280.

In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 2B, a first mapping trace 232 a between first antenna element 222 a and beamformer element 242 a is formed on the first mapping layer 280 b 1 of the lay-up of PCB layers 280. A second mapping trace 234 a between the first antenna element 222 a and beamformer element 242 a is formed on the second mapping layer 280 b 2 of the lay-up of PCB layers 280. An electrically conductive via 238 a connects the first mapping trace 232 a to the second mapping trace 234 a. Likewise, an electrically conductive via 228 a connects the antenna element 222 a (shown as connecting the antenna module 226 a including the antenna element 222 a and the amplifier 224 a) to the first mapping trace 232 a. Further, an electrically conductive via 248 a connects the second mapping trace 234 a to RF filter 244 a and then to the beamformer element 242 a, which then connects to combiner 260 and RF demodulator 270.

Of note, via 248 a corresponds to via 148 a and filter 244 a corresponds to filter 144 a, both shown on the surface of the beamformer layer 180 d in the previous embodiment of FIG. 1G. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, filters may be omitted depending on the design of the system.

Similar mapping connects the second antenna element 222 b to RF filter 244 b and then to the beamformer element 242 a. The second antenna element 222 b may operate at the same or at a different value of a parameter than the first antenna element 222 a (for example, at different frequencies). If the first and second antenna elements 222 a and 222 b operate at the same value of a parameter, the RF filters 244 a and 244 b may be the same. If the first and second antenna elements 222 a and 222 b operate at different values, the RF filters 244 a and 244 b may be different.

Mapping traces and vias may be formed in accordance with any suitable methods. In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the lay-up of PCB layers 280 is formed after the multiple individual layers 280 a, 280 b, 280 c, and 280 d have been formed. For example, during the manufacture of layer 280 a, electrically conductive via 228 a may be formed through layer 280 a. Likewise, during the manufacture of layer 280 d, electrically conductive via 248 a may be formed through layer 280 d. When the multiple individual layers 280 a, 280 b, 280 c, and 280 d are assembled and laminated together, the electrically conductive via 228 a through layer 280 a electrically couples with the trace 232 a on the surface of layer 280 b 1, and the electrically conductive via 248 a through layer 280 d electrically couples with the trace 234 a on the surface of layer 280 b 2.

Other electrically conductive vias, such as via 238 a coupling trace 232 a on the surface of layer 280 b 1 and trace 234 a on the surface of layer 280 b 2 can be formed after the multiple individual layers 280 a, 280 b, 280 c, and 280 d are assembled and laminated together. In this construction method, a hole may be drilled through the entire lay-up 280 to form the via, metal is deposited in the entirety of the hole forming an electrically connection between the traces 232 a and 234 a. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, excess metal in the via not needed in forming the electrical connection between traces 232 a and 234 a can be removed by back-drilling the metal at the top and/or bottom portions of the via. In some embodiments, back-drilling of the metal is not performed completely, leaving a via “stub”. Tuning may be performed for a lay-up design with a remaining via “stub”. In other embodiments, a different manufacturing process may produce a via that does not span more than the needed vertical direction.

As compared to the use of one mapping layer, the use of two mapping layers 280 b 1 and 280 b 2 separated by intermediate vias 238 a and 238 b as seen in the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 2B allows for selective placement of the intermediate vias 238 a and 238 b. If these vias are drilled though all the layers of the lay-up 280, they can be selectively positioned to be spaced from other components on the top or bottom surfaces of the lay-up 280.

FIGS. 3A and 3B are directed to another embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. 3A illustrates an exemplary multi-beam phased array antenna system in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure in which eight antenna elements 322 i are electrically coupled to one beamformer 342 i, with the eight antenna elements 322 i being into two different groups of interspersed antenna elements 322 a and 322 b.

FIG. 3B depicts a partial, close-up, cross-sectional view of an exemplary configuration of the phased array antenna system 300 implemented as a stack-up of a plurality of PCB layers 380 in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. The embodiment of FIG. 3B is similar to the embodiment of FIG. 2B, except for differences regarding interspersed antenna elements, the number of mapping layers, and the direction of signals, as will be described in greater detail below. Like part numbers are used in FIG. 3B as used in FIG. 3A with similar numerals, but in the 300 series.

In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 3B, the phased array antenna system 300 is in a transmitting configuration (as indicated by the arrows TX). Although illustrated as in a transmitting configuration, the structure of the embodiment of FIG. 3B may be modified to also be suitable for use in a receiving configuration.

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the individual antenna elements 322 a and 322 b may be configured to receive and/or transmit data at different values of one or more parameters (e.g., frequency, polarization, beam orientation, data streams, receive (RX)/transmit (TX) functions, time multiplexing segments, etc.). These different values may be associated with different groups of the antenna elements. For example, a first plurality of antenna elements carried by the carrier is configured to transmit and/or receive signals at a first value of a parameter. A second plurality of antenna elements carried by the carrier are configured to transmit and/or receive signals at a second value of the parameter different from the first value of the parameter, and the individual antenna elements of the first plurality of antenna elements are interspersed with individual antenna elements of the second plurality of antenna elements.

As a non-limiting example, a first group of antenna elements may receive data at frequency f1, while a second group of antenna elements may receive data at frequency f2.

The placement on the same carrier of the antenna elements operating at one value of the parameter (e.g., first frequency or wavelength) together with the antenna elements operating at another value of the parameter (e.g., second frequency or wavelength) is referred to herein as “interspersing”. In some embodiments, the groups of antenna elements operating at different values of parameter or parameters may be placed over separate areas of the carrier in a phased array antenna. In some embodiments, at least some of the antenna elements of the groups of antenna elements operating at different values of at least one parameter are adjacent or neighboring one another. In other embodiments, most or all of the antenna elements of the groups of antenna elements operating at different values of at least one parameter are adjacent or neighboring one another.

In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 3A, antenna elements 322 a and 322 b are interspersed antenna elements with first antenna element 322 a communicating at a first value of a parameter and second antenna element 322 a communicating at a second value of a parameter.

Although shown in FIG. 3A as two groups of interspersed antenna elements 322 a and 322 b in communication with a single beamformer 342 a, the phased array antenna system 300 may be also configured such that one group of interspersed antenna elements communicate with one beamformer and another group of interspersed antenna elements communicate with another beamformer.

In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 3B, the lay-up 380 includes four mapping layers 380 b 1, 380 b 2, 380 b 3, and 380 b 4, compared to the use of two mapping layers 280 b 1 and 280 b 2 in FIG. 2B. Mapping layers 380 b 1 and 380 b 2 are connected by intermediate via 338 a. Mapping layers 380 b 3 and 380 b 4 are connected by intermediate via 338 b. Like the embodiment of FIG. 2B, the lay-up 380 of the embodiment of FIG. 3B can allow for selective placement of the intermediate vias 338 a and 338 b, for example, to be spaced from other components on the top or bottom surfaces of the lay-up 380.

The mapping layers and vias can be arranged in many other configurations and on other sub-layers of the lay-up 180 than the configurations shown in FIGS. 2B and 3B. The use of two or more mapping layers can be advantageous in reducing the lengths of the electrically conductive mapping traces by allowing mapping traces in horizontal planes to cross an imaginary line extending through the lay-up normal to the mapping layers and in selecting the placement of the intermediate vias between the mapping traces. Likewise, the mapping layers can be configured to correlate to a group of antenna elements in an interspersed configuration. By maintaining consistent via lengths for each grouping by using the same mapping layers for each grouping, trace length is the only variable in length matching for each antenna to beamformer mapping for each grouping.

Antenna-to-Beamformer Assignment

As described above with reference to FIG. 1G, the antenna elements 122 i may be configured in a first arrangement, such as a space taper arrangement, the beamformer elements 142 i are arranged in a second arrangement different from the antenna element arrangement. In one embodiment, the beamformer elements 142 i may be laterally displaced from the antenna elements 122 i on the carrier 112, as indicated by distance M in FIG. 1E. In one embodiment, the antenna lattice 120 may be an irregular lattice, for example, a space tapered lattice, and the beamformer lattice 140 may be a more evenly spaced or organized lattice, for example, conforming to a multiplex feed network layer 150, such as a hierarchical network or an H-network, conforming to a cluster network, or in a space tapered lattice having a different number of elements or different locations of elements or different spacing between elements. Moreover, multiple antenna elements 122 i may be assigned to each beamformer 142 i. Therefore, embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to an assignment between the antenna lattice 120 and the beamformer lattice 140.

Mapping can be configured based on assignment, such that each mapping between antenna elements 122 i and beamformer elements 142 i is length matched to be equidistant. Assignment and mapping can be based on one or more algorithms. Assignment and mapping may be unique and specific to each antenna element in the antenna lattice or may have some similar patterns based on symmetry in the system.

Assignment by Hungarian Algorithm

In accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure, the Hungarian Algorithm can be used to solve a linear assignment problem. When using the Hungarian Algorithm, the antenna-to-beamformer assignment is based on minimizing the total summation of assignment length between the beamformers and the antennas typically without crossing any lines. Because there are typically no crosses in the assignment configuration determined by the Hungarian Algorithm, the mapping of electrical connections between the beamformers and the antennas can be formed in one mapping layer 180 c of the lay-up of PCB layers 180 (see FIG. 1G).

Referring to FIG. 4A, a flow chart 400 showing exemplary method steps to solve the linear assignment problem using the Hungarian Algorithm in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure is provided. The method starts at step 402. In step 404, the antenna aperture is sized based on the design of the system. Referring to FIG. 1G, the antenna aperture 110 of the phased array antenna system 100 is the area through which the power is radiated or received. The size of the antenna aperture may depend on one or more design factors, such as weight and spacing requirements.

After the antenna aperture has been sized, an antenna lattice of antenna elements is designed to produce an optimal combined signal in step 406. Referring to FIG. 1G, the antenna lattice 120 includes a plurality of antenna elements 122 i. The antenna lattice 120 can be configured to improve the antenna signal, for example, by reducing undesirable side lobes of an antenna signal, reducing interference from other systems, reducing the need for distributing power across the antenna aperture, and reducing the number of antenna elements to achieve the desired antenna signal. In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 1G, the plurality of antenna elements 122 i in the antenna lattice 120 are distributed with a space taper configuration. Other antenna lattice configurations are also within the scope of the present disclosure.

After the antenna lattice has been designed, the number of antenna elements coupled to each beamformer is determined in step 408. In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 1A, one antenna element 122 i is coupled to each beamformer 142 i. In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 2A, eight antenna elements 222 i are coupled to each beamformer 242 i. When the number of antenna elements coupled to each beamformer is determined, the number of beamformer nodes needed in phased array antenna system will be known.

After the number of beamformer nodes is determined, the beamformer lattice configuration is determined in step 410. The beamformer lattice configuration may vary in terms of location and spacing between nodes. In contrast to the antenna lattice 120, the beamformer lattice 140 may be laterally displaced from the antenna lattice. For example, the beamformer lattice may be an evenly spaced, organized lattice configured to align with a hierarchical network, such as an H-network 150, as seen in the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 1G, or a clustered or other network. Because the antenna lattice 120 and the beamformer lattice 140 are not laterally aligned, mapping 130 can be used for coupling the antenna elements 122 i to the beamformer elements 142 i.

After the beamformer lattice configuration is determined, the Hungarian Algorithm is used to assign the antenna elements 122 i to the beamformer elements 142 i in step 412. The Hungarian Algorithm minimizes the total summation of assignment length of all the assignments between antenna elements and beamformer nodes such that assignment length is within an acceptable range. An acceptable assignment length is an assignment length that provides for a mapping trace length that will incur a signal loss below a certain budget.

When the total summation of assignment length is acceptable as questioned in step 414, the algorithm is finished.

Referring to FIG. 4B, an assignment configuration is provided for an eight-to-one antenna element to beamformer system using the Hungarian Algorithm for assignment. A close up view of the assignment configuration of FIG. 4B is shown in FIG. 4C. In this example of FIGS. 4B and 4C, the maximum assignment length is 117.4 mm.

Referring to FIG. 4D, a more simplified assignment configuration is provided for a one-to-one antenna element to beamformer system.

Assignment by Threshold Algorithm

In accordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure, the Threshold Algorithm (which is a modified Hungarian Algorithm) can be used to solve a linear bottleneck assignment problem. When using the Threshold Algorithm, the antenna-to-beamformer assignment is based on minimizing the maximum assignment length between the beamformers and the antennas and allows for crossing of lines by positioning the trace lines on multiple mapping layers (such as layers 280 b 1 and 280 b 2 in FIG. 2B and 380 b 1, 380 b 2, 380 b 3, 380 b 4 in FIG. 3B). Because there are crosses in a mapping configuration established using the Threshold Algorithm, the electrical connections between the beamformers and the antennas are formed in more than one layer of the lay-up of PCB layers 180 (see FIG. 1G).

The method described in FIG. 5A is similar to the method described in FIG. 4A, but with differences regarding the use of the Threshold Algorithm.

Referring to FIG. 5A, a flow chart 500 showing exemplary method steps to solve the linear assignment problem using the Threshold Algorithm in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure is provided. The method starts at step 502. In step 504, the antenna aperture is sized.

After the antenna aperture has been sized, an antenna lattice of antenna elements is designed to produce an optimal combined signal in step 506.

After the antenna lattice has been designed, the number of antenna elements coupled to each beamformer is determined in step 508.

After the number of beamformer nodes is determined, the beamformer lattice configuration is determined in step 510.

After the beamformer lattice configuration is determined, the Threshold Algorithm is used to map the antenna elements 122 i to the beamformer elements 142 i in step 512. The Threshold Algorithm minimizes the longest assignment length between antenna elements and beamformer nodes and allows crossings of mapping traces.

After the “threshold” length (the minimized longest assignment length with crossings) is determined by the Threshold Algorithm, crossings are allowed for those assignments in step 513 by allowing for mapping traces on more than one mapping layer 130.

When the longest assignment length is minimized as questioned in step 514, the algorithm is finished.

Referring to FIG. 5B, an assignment configuration is provided for an eight-to-one antenna element to beamformer system using the Hungarian Algorithm for assignment. In this example of FIG. 5B, the maximum length of the assignment length is 51.9 mm, which is significantly reduced by more than 50% from the maximum length of the assignment length of 117.4 mm in FIG. 4B for the Hungarian Algorithm defined above. Using the Threshold Algorithm, the maximum length of the assignment length has been reduced by allowing crossings in the assignment problem.

Assignment by Modified Threshold Algorithm

In accordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure, the Modified Threshold Algorithm can be used to further reduce assignment length between the antenna elements and the beamformer nodes. The Modified Threshold Algorithm is similar to the Threshold Algorithm, but adds step 615 for running the Hungarian Algorithm after the maximum length of the assignment length has been minimized. Running the Hungarian Algorithm reduces the number of crossings compared to the Threshold algorithm by minimizing the total summation of assignment lengths while allowing only assignments with lengths below the maximum length determined in step 612. The Modified Threshold Algorithm therefore creates a mapping network that considers trace length, but reduces the number of crossings established in the Threshold Algorithm.

Referring to FIG. 6B, an assignment configuration is provided for an eight-to-one antenna element to beamformer system using the modified Hungarian Algorithm for assignment. In this example of FIG. 6B, the maximum length of the assignment length is 51.9 mm, which is the same as the assignment length achieved by the Threshold Algorithm in FIG. 5B, which is also reduced from the maximum length of the assignment length of 117.4 mm in FIG. 4B for the Hungarian Algorithm defined above. Like the Threshold Algorithm, the Modified Threshold Algorithm allows crossings to minimize assignment length.

Although the assignment length is generally the same for the Threshold Algorithm result and the Modified Threshold Algorithm result, which is has an assignment length of 51.9 mm in one exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the number of crossings is reduced. Comparing FIG. 6B (modified Threshold Algorithm) with FIG. 5B (Threshold Algorithm), a reduced number of crossing assignment lines can be seen. Comparing close up views of FIG. 4C (Hungarian Algorithm) with FIG. 6C (Modified Threshold Algorithm), the assignment lines longer than the threshold value of 51.9 mm (indicated by dashed lines in FIG. 4B) have been eliminated.

Clustering Algorithms

In addition to the Hungarian and Threshold Algorithms, clustering algorithms can also be used for assignment of antenna elements to beamformer elements. Clustering algorithms may include, for example, Hierarchical Clustering and K-means Clustering.

K-means Clustering is an iterative algorithm that minimizes the sum of element-to-centroid distances, summed over all “K” clusters. The only input needed is the number of clusters desired. Therefore, beamformers may be located at the location of the clusters. Typically, K-means Clustering does not force clusters to have the same number of elements. However, the maximum size of the clusters may be constrained using a modified K-means Clustering approach.

Hierarchical Clustering is an algorithm to group elements based on a hierarchical tree. First, calculate the distance between each pair of points. Then, group the closest points into a cluster and compute the centroid. Then, recalculate distances including the new centroid and group again.

Clustering Algorithms may be more advantageous when the beamformer lattice is in an irregular or unevenly spaced configuration, such as a space tapered or clustered configuration. As a non-limiting example, an exemplary cluster configuration is shown in FIG. 7 with the dots showing antenna elements and the crosses indicating exemplary centroids of clusters.

Mapping

After an assignment plan is established, mapping between the antenna elements of the antenna lattice and the beamformer elements of the beamformer lattice is performed. As described above, the electrical connections must be length matched to be equidistant between each antenna element and each beamformer.

The mapping plan sets up the electrical connections for each antenna element. The output of the mapping configuration is the trace geometry of straight and curved segments mapping from a regular lattice (e.g., a beamformer lattice) to an irregular lattice (e.g., an antenna lattice). An example of a partial mapping in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure is provided in FIG. 8A.

As seen in FIG. 2A, a mapping configuration includes a trace extending from a beamformer-to-mapping via 248 a to the via between mapping traces 238 a (in the case of a lay-up having more than one mapping layer, e.g., 280 b 1 and 280 b 2) or to an antenna-to-mapping via (in the case of a lay-up having only one mapping layer). A portion of an exemplary mapping configuration is provided in FIG. 8A.

As seen in the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 8A, a trace 834 a may include straight lines 840, 180 degree bends 842, and 90 degree bends 844. Referring to FIG. 8B, the radius of curvature may vary for different bends. A number of meandering lines 846 in a row, including multiple straight lines and multiple-80 degree bends, is used for mapping trace elongation. Such meandering is used for length matching purposes between trace lines.

Regarding bends, RF signal propagation does not travel through the centerline of a bend. Therefore, signal propagation through each bend must be accounted for in determining the length of the trace 834 a. Referring to FIG. 8B, signal propagation through a bend tends to take the shortest path, similar to the drive path of a race car driver. With every band, the traces are elongated a little bit to compensate for the shortcut. The amount of elongation depends on several factors, such as bend radius, bend angle, specific linewidth, and line stack-up. Therefore, equidistant mapping lines are length matched for matching RF signal propagation.

In a mapping configuration, mapping traces are configured to avoid other vias to which those mapping traces do not connect and to mitigate impedance disturbance of the line. In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 8C, to mitigate impedance disturbances between a mapping trace and a via, an exemplary distance of D1 is greater than or equal to 2.5 times the line width. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, linewidth is equal to 0.5 mm. Such distancing provides an impedance variation of less than 0.1 ohm. However, suitable distance may vary depending of the specific design and requirements of the system.

Mapping traces are also spaced from each other to mitigate coupling between lines. To mitigate coupling between traces, a distance of D2 is generally needed between lines. Referring again to the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 8C, in some embodiments of the present disclosure, linewidth is equal to 0.5 mm. To mitigate coupling between adjacent mapping traces, as a non-limiting example, a distance of greater than or equal to 0.8 mm provides for coupling between adjacent mapping traces of less than 50 dB. Coupling limits may vary depending on the design and requirements of the system.

A mapping configuration may be created by laying out a mapping trace of the longest assignment between an antenna element and a beamformer element and configuring the longest trace to be as straight as possible, and then matching the other traces to that length.

Because the system may include a plurality of printed circuit board (PCB) layers 500, mapping may be contained in one or more PCB or sub-lamination layers. When using multiple layers for mapping, trace lengths can be reduced because crossings occur on different horizontal planes and therefore become possible.

While illustrative embodiments have been illustrated and described, it will be appreciated that various changes can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. 

The embodiments of the disclosure in which an exclusive property or privilege is claimed are defined as follows:
 1. A phased array antenna system, comprising: a first portion carrying an antenna lattice including a plurality of antenna elements, wherein the plurality of antenna elements are arranged in a first configuration; a second portion carrying a beamformer lattice including a plurality of beamformer elements, wherein the plurality of beamformer elements are arranged in a second configuration different from the first configuration; and a third portion disposed between the first portion and the second portion carrying at least a portion of a mapping including a first plurality of mapping traces on a first surface providing at least a portion of the electrical connection between the plurality of antenna elements and the plurality of beamformer elements, wherein each of the plurality of antenna elements are electrically coupled to one of the plurality of beamformer elements, wherein the third portion includes a plurality of vias extending through at least a portion of the third portion to provide at least another portion of the electrical connection between the plurality of antenna elements and the plurality of beamformer elements.
 2. The phased array antenna system of claim 1, wherein the first configuration is a space tapered configuration.
 3. The phased array antenna system of claim 2, wherein the second configuration is a space tapered configuration different from the first configuration.
 4. The phased array antenna system of claim 1, wherein the second configuration is a hierarchical configuration, a clustered configuration, and/or an evenly spaced configuration.
 5. The phased array antenna system of claim 1, wherein the first, second, and third portions define at least a portion of a carrier.
 6. The phased array antenna system of claim 5, wherein the carrier has a first side facing in a first direction and a second side facing in a second direction away from the first direction.
 7. The phased array antenna system of claim 6, wherein the antenna lattice is on the first side of the carrier.
 8. The phased array antenna system of claim 6, wherein the beamformer lattice is on the second side of the carrier.
 9. The phased array antenna system of claim 1, wherein the first, second, and third portions are first, second, and third layers.
 10. The phased array antenna system of claim 9, wherein the first, second, and third layers are discrete PCB layers in a PCB stack.
 11. The phased array antenna system of claim 9, wherein at least one of the first, second, and third layers includes a plurality of sub-layers forming the layer.
 12. The phased array antenna system of claim 9, wherein the third layer includes a plurality of sub-layers disposed between the first layer and the second layer, wherein at least two sub-layers carrying at least a portion of the mapping includes the first plurality of mapping traces on the first surface in a first sub-layer and a second plurality of mapping traces on a second surface in a second sub-layer, the first and second plurality of mapping traces providing at least another portion of the electrical connection between the plurality of antenna elements and the plurality of beamformer elements.
 13. The phased array antenna system of claim 12, further comprising a second plurality of vias through at least one of the first, second, and third layers, each via of the second plurality of vias connecting one of the first plurality of mapping traces to one of the second plurality of mapping traces.
 14. The phased array antenna system of claim 12, further comprising a second plurality of vias through the first, second, and third layers, each via of the second plurality of vias connecting one of the plurality of antenna elements or one of the plurality of beamformer elements to one of the second plurality of mapping traces.
 15. The phased array antenna system of claim 12, wherein the first and second pluralities of mapping traces in the same plane do not cross each other.
 16. The phased array antenna system of claim 12, wherein the first plurality of mapping traces in the first layer and the second plurality of mapping traces in the second layer cross a line extending normal to the first and second layers.
 17. The phased array antenna system of claim 12, wherein the second plurality of mapping traces are equidistant in length for RF signal propagation.
 18. The phased array antenna system of claim 9, wherein the antenna lattice includes a first plurality of antenna elements configured for operating at a first value of a parameter and a second plurality of antenna elements configured for operating at a second value of a parameter, wherein the third layer includes at least first and second sub-layers disposed between the first layer and the second layer, wherein the first plurality of mapping traces in at least a first sublayer is electrically coupled to the first plurality of antenna elements, and wherein the second plurality of mapping traces in at least a second sublayer is electrically coupled to the second plurality of antenna elements.
 19. The phased array antenna system of claim 18, further comprising a first plurality of vias through the first, second, and/or third layers, each via of the first plurality of vias connecting one of the plurality of antenna elements or one of the plurality of beamformer elements to one of the first plurality of mapping traces.
 20. The phased array antenna system of claim 18, wherein first and third plurality of mapping traces in at least first and third sublayers are electrically coupled to the first plurality of antenna elements, and wherein a second plurality of mapping traces in at least second and fourth sublayers are electrically coupled to the second plurality of antenna elements.
 21. The phased array antenna system of claim 18, further comprising a second plurality of vias through the third layer, each via of the second plurality of vias electrically coupling at least some of the first plurality of mapping traces with at least some of a third plurality of mapping traces or at least some of the second plurality of mapping traces with at least some of a fourth plurality of mapping traces.
 22. The phased array antenna system of claim 1, wherein at least some of the plurality of antenna elements are laterally spaced from the corresponding one of the plurality of beamformer elements.
 23. The phased array antenna system of claim 1, further comprising a first plurality of vias through the first, second, and/or third portions, each via of the first plurality of vias connecting one of the plurality of antenna elements or one of the plurality of beamformer elements to one of the first plurality of mapping traces.
 24. The phased array antenna system of claim 1, wherein the first plurality of mapping traces are equidistant in length for RF signal propagation.
 25. The phased array antenna system of claim 1, wherein the first plurality of mapping traces do not cross each other on the first surface.
 26. The phased array antenna system of claim 1, wherein lengths of the first plurality of mapping traces are sized to be equidistant for RF signal propagation with a longest single mapping trace length.
 27. The phased array antenna system of claim 1, wherein the antenna elements and the beamformer elements are in a 1:1 ratio or in a greater than 1:1 ratio.
 28. The phased array antenna system of claim 1, wherein the antenna lattice includes a first plurality of antenna elements configured for operating at a first value of a parameter and a second plurality of antenna elements configured for operating at a second value of a parameter.
 29. A phased array antenna system, comprising: a first portion carrying an antenna lattice including a plurality of antenna elements, wherein the plurality of antenna elements are arranged in a first configuration; a second portion carrying a beamformer lattice including a plurality of beamformer elements, wherein the plurality of beamformer elements are arranged in a second configuration different from the first configuration; and a third portion disposed between the first portion and the second portion carrying at least a portion of a mapping including a first plurality of mapping traces on a first surface providing at least a portion of the electrical connection between the plurality of antenna elements and the plurality of beamformer elements, wherein each of the plurality of antenna elements are electrically coupled to one of the plurality of beamformer elements, wherein each of the plurality of antenna elements is assigned to one of the plurality of beamformer elements to correspond with a minimized total summation of mapping length.
 30. A phased array antenna system, comprising: a first portion carrying an antenna lattice including a plurality of antenna elements, wherein the plurality of antenna elements are arranged in a first configuration; a second portion carrying a beamformer lattice including a plurality of beamformer elements, wherein the plurality of beamformer elements are arranged in a second configuration different from the first configuration; and a third portion disposed between the first portion and the second portion carrying at least a portion of a mapping including a first plurality of mapping traces on a first surface providing at least a portion of the electrical connection between the plurality of antenna elements and the plurality of beamformer elements, wherein each of the plurality of antenna elements are electrically coupled to one of the plurality of beamformer elements, wherein each of the plurality of antenna elements is assigned to one of the plurality of beamformer elements to correspond with a minimized longest single mapping length.
 31. A phased array antenna system, comprising: a first portion carrying an antenna lattice including a plurality of antenna elements, wherein the plurality of antenna elements are arranged in a first configuration; a second portion carrying a beamformer lattice including a plurality of beamformer elements, wherein the plurality of beamformer elements are arranged in a second configuration different from the first configuration; and a third portion disposed between the first portion and the second portion carrying at least a portion of a mapping including a first plurality of mapping traces on a first surface providing at least a portion of the electrical connection between the plurality of antenna elements and the plurality of beamformer elements, wherein each of the plurality of antenna elements are electrically coupled to one of the plurality of beamformer elements, wherein each of the plurality of antenna elements is assigned to one of the plurality of beamformer elements to correspond with a cluster grouping.
 32. A mapping in phased array antenna system between an antenna lattice on a first side of a carrier including a plurality of antenna elements, wherein the plurality of antenna elements are arranged in a first configuration, and a beamformer lattice on a second opposite side of the carrier including a plurality of beamformer elements, wherein the plurality of beamformer elements are arranged in a second configuration different from the first configuration, wherein each of the plurality of antenna elements are configured to be electrically coupled to one of the plurality of beamformer elements, the mapping comprising: a plurality of mapping traces providing at least a portion of the electrical connection between the plurality of antenna elements and the plurality of beamformer elements, and a plurality of vias extending through at least a portion of the third portion to provide at least another portion of the electrical connection between the plurality of antenna elements and the plurality of beamformer elements.
 33. A method of configuring an assignment between an antenna lattice and a beamformer lattice in a phased array antenna system, the method comprising: configuring an antenna lattice on a first portion of a carrier, the antenna lattice including a plurality of antenna elements, wherein the plurality of antenna elements are arranged in a first configuration; configuring a beamformer lattice on a second portion of the carrier, the beamformer lattice including a plurality of beamformer elements, wherein the plurality of beamformer elements are arranged in a second configuration different from the first configuration; and assigning the antenna elements to be coupled to beamformer elements to create a number of assignment lines between each of the antenna elements and each of the beamformer elements, wherein the assignment lines include a plurality of vias extending through at least a portion of the carrier to provide at least a portion of the electrical connection between the plurality of antenna elements and the plurality of beamformer elements.
 34. The method of claim 33, wherein the first configuration is a space tapered configuration.
 35. The method of claim 33, wherein the second configuration is a hierarchical configuration, a clustered configuration, and/or an evenly spaced configuration.
 36. The method of claim 33, wherein the second configuration is a space tapered configuration different from the first configuration.
 37. The method of claim 33, wherein assigning the antenna elements to be coupled to beamformer elements is determined using a Hungarian Algorithm without crossings of assignment lines, a Threshold Algorithm allowing for crossings of assignment lines, a combination of a Threshold Algorithm and a Hungarian Algorithm, or a Clustering Algorithm.
 38. The method of claim 33, wherein the antenna elements and the beamformer elements are in a 1:1 ratio or a greater than 1:1 ratio.
 39. A method of configuring an assignment between an antenna lattice and a beamformer lattice in a phased array antenna system, the method comprising: configuring an antenna lattice on a first portion of a carrier, the antenna lattice including a plurality of antenna elements, wherein the plurality of antenna elements are arranged in a first configuration; configuring a beamformer lattice on a second portion of the carrier, the beamformer lattice including a plurality of beamformer elements, wherein the plurality of beamformer elements are arranged in a second configuration different from the first configuration; and assigning the antenna elements to be coupled to beamformer elements to create a number of assignment lines between each of the antenna elements and each of the beamformer elements, wherein the each of the plurality of antenna elements is assigned to one of the plurality of beamformer elements to correspond with a minimized total summation of mapping length.
 40. A method of configuring an assignment between an antenna lattice and a beamformer lattice in a phased array antenna system, the method comprising: configuring an antenna lattice on a first portion of a carrier, the antenna lattice including a plurality of antenna elements, wherein the plurality of antenna elements are arranged in a first configuration; configuring a beamformer lattice on a second portion of the carrier, the beamformer lattice including a plurality of beamformer elements, wherein the plurality of beamformer elements are arranged in a second configuration different from the first configuration; and assigning the antenna elements to be coupled to beamformer elements to create a number of assignment lines between each of the antenna elements and each of the beamformer elements, wherein the each of the plurality of antenna elements is assigned to one of the plurality of beamformer elements to correspond with a minimized longest single mapping length.
 41. A method of configuring an assignment between an antenna lattice and a beamformer lattice in a phased array antenna system, the method comprising: configuring an antenna lattice on a first portion of a carrier, the antenna lattice including a plurality of antenna elements, wherein the plurality of antenna elements are arranged in a first configuration; configuring a beamformer lattice on a second portion of the carrier, the beamformer lattice including a plurality of beamformer elements, wherein the plurality of beamformer elements are arranged in a second configuration different from the first configuration; and assigning the antenna elements to be coupled to beamformer elements to create a number of assignment lines between each of the antenna elements and each of the beamformer elements, wherein the each of the plurality of antenna elements is assigned to one of the plurality of beamformer elements to correspond with a cluster grouping. 